Hulu

http://www.freelogovectors.net/hulu-logo-eps-file/

hulu company logo [1]

Founded: March 2007 by Beth Comstock & Jason Kilar

Jason Kilar

Jason Kilar [3]

Beth Comstock

Beth Comstock [2]

CEO: Mike Hopkins

mike_hopkins

Mike Hopkins [19]

SVP, Head of Distribution: Tim Connolly

tim_connolly

Tim Connolly [19]

SVP, Head of Content: Craig Erwich

craig_erwich

Craig Erwich [19]

SVP, General Counsel: Chadwick Ho

chad_ho

Chadwick Ho [19]

About

Hulu is an OTT (over the top) streaming service launched in 2008 to provide users with “hundreds of thousands of hours of the best of the best television programming and movies to subscribers with limited commercials” [4]. Hulu offers its services in both the United States and Japan on two pay scales: “with limited commercials for $7.99 per month or with no commercials for $11.99 per month” [4]. New users can also try Hulu for a 30-day free trial.

Compared to other OTT streaming services like Netflix and HBO Go, Hulu has the benefit of being owned by three of the largest programming distributors: NBCUniversalFox, and Disney-ABC. In total, Hulu has over 500 content partners [4], providing them a great advantage in programming over their competitors. On the advertising side, Hulu has partnerships with over 2,000 brand and companies, helping it gain recognition as one of “the top ad-supported online video sites” [4]. Hulu boasts a subscriber base of 9 Million users whose viewership trends are tracked by ComScore, Nielson, and Quantcast.

 Background

Hulu was first announced during the Super Bowl XLII broadcast via an Alec Baldwin-starring commercial. Initially, the platform was available for free via an ad-supported system and at a premium level called “Hulu Plus” without ads. Archived content from its three powerhouse distributors (NBC/Fox/Disney) could be viewed in on an unlimited basis on both platforms. In 2011; however, Hulu announced that content would be available on the service the day after premiering once users authenticated their service-providers [5]. Later that year, the company struck a deal with the CW Network to also premiere their content next-day [6]. Two years later, Hulu signed on with BBC Worldwide North America to “bring as many as 2,000 episodes from 144 different BBC titles to a wider American audience” [7].

In Early 2015, AT&T struck a deal with Hulu to allow for streaming on “the telecom company’s websites and mobile apps” [11]. In June of 2015, Showtime became “the first premium service to be offered by Hulu” [8], in a monumental deal that allowed the company to effectively compete HBO Go by offering the addition of Showtime‘s premium content at only an additional $8.99/month as compared to HBO Go‘s $11.99/month charge [8]. This deal also showcased the Hulu platform’s ability to support premium add-ons, highlighting them as a powerful distribution tool for premium content providers. In

Original Programming

In 2011, Hulu partnered with documentary film-maker, Morgan Spurlock, on a 6-episode series titled, “A Day In The Life” [9]. The show was available to both free and premium subscribers and chronicled Spurlock as he followed a famous individual around for a day. In 2013, the company ramped up it’s original content by premiering “three original series and seven exclusive shows” [10]. As of April, 2016, the platform boasts 23 original titles, ranging from shows like The Awesomes to Deadbeat. 

Exclusive Rights Deals

Currently, Hulu is focussed on acquiring rights to exclusive content and original series in order to lure potential users. This January, the company gained exclusive rights to stream “Lifetime’s critically acclaimed drama series from A+E Studios, UnREAL” [11] This move, which gambled on the success of a critically acclaimed show after it’s first season, highlights the mindset of much of the company’s moves thus far in 2016. In addition to UnReal, Hulu also picked up the rights to Chance, “a provocative psychological thriller that focuses on a forensic neuropsychiatrist who reluctantly gets sucked into a violent and dangerous world of mistaken identity, police corruption and mental illness” [12].

On January 27, Hulu announced a “landmark output deal” with IFC Films that makes “Hulu the exclusive streaming home for all future documentary releases from IFC Films, which will include all documentaries from the brands IFC Films, Sundance Selects and IFC Midnight” [15]. In a first-of-its-kind deal, all IFC films will now go directly from theaters to the Hulu platform in the first “one-window” agreement of its kind [15].

Curious George [17]

Curious George [17]

In March, Hulu and Universal announced a deal that gives the platform exclusive rights to the Curious George series for past and future releases within the window of a three-year deal [16]. In total, Hulu users “gain access to all nine seasons – over 100 episodes – of CURIOUS GEORGE® TV series”. Additionally, Hulu will be the home to all Curious George feature-length films and the destination of “direct-to-TV specials” [16].

Content Creator

Aside from picking up the rights to existing content, Hulu sees itself as a platform for content creators to flex their muscles. Speaking at the Code/Media conference, CEO Mike Hopkins said, “What we’re trying to do is give creators the resources they need … and go for it” [14]. While the company is “lacking a defining show like “Orange Is the New Black” or “Transparent,” [14] Hulu is confident in its ability to win bidding wars for broadcast smash-hits, something apparent in the company’s success at beating out Netflix and HBO Go for the rights to Fox‘s Empire.

Virtual Reality

On March 24, Hulu announced the launch of it’s virtual reality application. Available on Samsung’s Gear VR platform, Hulu says that it will be bringing all current content to the app and will be “augmenting the experience with some of the very best 360-degree video content available” [18]. Additionally, the company states that users will be able to “watch the entire Hulu 2D library in immersive 360-degree environments” [18].

Overview

With the competitive world of OTT streaming as fiery a battle as ever, Hulu sees to distance itself from the competition by providing its users with innovative, exclusive content. To reel in new customers, the company hopes to be the first to strike gold in new ventures such as virtual reality and will continue to hope that its licensing deals continue to drive revenues.

Sources

[1] http://www.freelogovectors.net/hulu-logo-eps-file/

[2] Dan, Avi. “GE’s CMO Beth Comstock Inspires Innovation Through Instigating.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/avidan/2012/04/19/ges-cmo-beth-comstock-inspires-innovation-through-instigating/#61e6696d3de4>.

[3] Jason Kilar, Chief Executive Officer of Hulu LLC, Speaks during A…” Getty Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/jason-kilar-chief-executive-officer-of-hulu-llc-speaks-news-photo/123197454>.

[4] About Hulu.” Watch TV and Movies on Xbox, PS3, Apple TV, and More. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.hulu.com/press/about>.

[5] Stelter, Brian. “Fox to Limit Next-Day Streaming on Hulu to Paying Cable Customers.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/business/media/fox-to-limit-next-day-streaming-on-hulu.html>.

[6] Wasserman, Todd. “Hulu to Get Current Season of Gossip Girl and Other CW Content.” Mashable. N.p., 28 Oct. 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://mashable.com/2011/10/28/hulu-gossip-girl-cw/#0f8HZKPPEsqq>.

[7] Hulu BBC Deal: A Positive Step After Some Cloudy Times » CEOWORLD Magazine.” CEOWORLD Magazine. N.p., 18 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://ceoworld.biz/2013/09/18/hulu-bbc-deal-a-positive-step-after-some-cloudy-times>.

[8] Perez, Sarah. “Showtime Becomes The First Premium Service To Be Offered By Hulu.” TechCrunch. N.p., 23 June 2015. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/23/showtime-becomes-the-first-premium-service-to-be-offered-by-hulu/>.

[9] Emami, Gazelle. “Morgan Spurlock ‘A Day In The Life’: Original Series Premieres On Hulu (VIDEO).” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/17/morgan-spurlock-a-day-in-the-life_n_929008.html>.

[10] Gates, Sara. “Hulu Expands Original Content, Announces Three Series And Seven Exclusive Shows (VIDEO).” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/21/hulu-expands-original-content_n_1532718.html>.

[11] Smiley, Minda. “AT&T Strikes Deal with Hulu to Offer Subscription Service to Its Customers.” The Drum. N.p., 25 Apr. 2016. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.thedrum.com/news/2015/05/14/att-strikes-deal-hulu-offer-subscription-service-its-customers>.

[12] News.” TV Shows and Movies. Ed. Press Admin. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.hulu.com/press/posts/hulu-acquires-exclusive-svod-rights-to-unreal>.

[13] News.” Watch TV and Movies on Xbox, PS3, Apple TV, and More. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.hulu.com/press/posts/hulu-picks-up-chance>.

[14] CHMIELEWSKI, Dawn. “Hulu Finally Gets Serious With Original TV Series — But Is It Too Little, Too Late?” Recode. N.p., 18 Feb. 2016. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://recode.net/2016/02/18/hulu-finally-gets-serious-with-original-tv-series-but-is-it-too-little-too-late/>.

[15] Press Admin. “HULU STRIKES FIRST EVER DEAL FOR PAY ONE WINDOW RIGHTS WITH IFC FILMS.” Hulu.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.hulu.com/press/posts/hulu-strikes-first-ever-deal-for-pay-one-window-rights-with-ifc-films>.

[16] Press Admin. “HULU and UNIVERSAL INK GROUNDBREAKING DEAL FOR CURIOUS GEORGE® TV.” Hulu News. N.p., 17 Mar. 2016. Web. <http://www.hulu.com/press/news>.

[17] http://www.rivercenter.org/event/curious-george-2/

[18] Press Admin. “Hulu Launches Virtual Reality Application.” Hulu News. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.hulu.com/press/posts/hulu-launches-virtual-reality-application>.

[19] Press Admin. “Executives.” Hulu Executives. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.hulu.com/press/executives>.

21st Century Fox (TV)

Jason Mussman
Corporate Logo

21st Century Fox Corporate Logo [1]                Source: 21st Century Fox

21st Century Fox was formed on June 28, 2013 with the division of News Corp into two separate companies, 21st Century Fox (The Entertainment Properties) and News Corp (The Publishing Properties[2]. Founded by Rupert Murdoch, one of the most recognized names in the entertainment industry today, 21st Century Fox was created to bring about the future of film and broadcasting industry [3]. Rupert Murdoch still remains Executive Chairman of the Board but on July 1st 2015 Rupert Murdoch’s son, James Murdoch, took over as CEO [4].  21st Century Fox has a broad portfolio of global assets in the broadcast and film industry. 21st Century Fox’s most prominent broadcast network are the FOX Networks.

Early in June 2015 21st Century Fox and News Corp. reached an agreement to move their world headquarters [5].  The new headquarters will be at the second World Trade Center site. The building being developed by Bjarke Ingels Group, will house studios, be completely state of the art and will put a new more meaningful location to 21st Century Fox [5]

…….

Executive Leadership

Rupert Murdoch Executive Chairman

Rupert Murdoch [6]
Executive Chairman – 21st Century Fox.  Source: Eva Rinaldi

Lachlan Murdoch [7]                Executive Chairman – 21st Century Fox.  Source: Deadline

James Murdoch CEO - 21st Century Fox

James Murdoch [8]
CEO – 21st Century Fox.  Source: Deadline

Background

21st Century Fox reaches over 1.8 Billion customers daily through its portfolio of film, cable and broadcast networks [9]. 21st Century Fox has assets in both the broadcast

Some assets owned by 21st Century Fox

Some assets owned by 21st Century Fox [11] Source: 21st Century Fox

and cable networks including, FOX, YES, FX, FXX, FOX News Channel, FOX Sports and the most recently acquired, National Geographic [9].

The FOX network currently has 16 shows in its fall lineup with hit show Empire, leading the ratings [10].

Financials

Logo for 21st Century Fox subsidiary Fox Sports

Fox Sports logo [13]                                            Source: Fox Sports

21st Century Fox continually innovates, standing behind its cable networks to drive revenue growth. The 21st Century Fox brand is globally recognizable because of its strategy to acquire and keep viewers. Sports and News programming is the cornerstone of this strategy [12]. 21st Century Fox continues to combat cord cutting by continuing to improve on its Sports and News content and programming [12]. These two types of content bring in a live audience and help keep 21st Century Fox on top of the marketplace.

Anual Revenue

21st Century Fox Annual Revenue [15]           Source: 21st Century Fox Investor Relations

In Fiscal 2015, 21st Century Fox’ revenue dropped 9% from $31,867,000,000 to $28,987,000,000 [12].  The drop in revenue was due in large part to the sale of its direct broadcast networks [12]. During this same period, 21st Century Fox held nearly 25% of the market share of all Cable Programming, second to only Disney [14]. While Television made up approximately 17% of 21st Century Fox total revenue, it dropped 8%, or $401 Million from 2014 [12]. At the same time, advertising sales decreased by 14%. The main cause of the falling prices was due to lower ratings on the FOX networks entertainment shows [12].

Screenshot 2015-12-01 21.36.06

Screenshot of market share for Cable Network Programming [14] Source: CSIMarket

21st Century Fox trades on the Nasdaq under the ticker FOXA.  Today, December 1st 2015, the share price for 21st Century fox is $30.26 [16]. This is a 5.56% decline from fiscal 2014 where the stock sat at $35.79 [16]. As stated earlier, the decline in stock price was due to in large part to poor ratings from Fox’s entertainment shows [12].

Screenshot 2015-12-01 17.23.05

FOXA Stock Price [27]  Source: Google Finance

National Geographic Acquisition

ngm-1985-jun-714

National Geographic Cover – June 1985 [28] Source: National Geographic

With the goal of saving National Geographic and expanding on its efforts in science and innovation, National Geographic and 21st Century Fox agreed on a Joint Venture. The deal took place on September 9th creating the for-profit Joint Venture National Geographic Partners [17]. For $725 Million 21st Century Fox will take control of 73% of National Geographic [18]. This merger will give 21st Century Fox new assets on both the television and print front [19]. This merger will help both National Geographic and 21st Century Fox, and will provide both companies with new assets in both content and financials. The National Geographic endowment will increase to $1 Billion, providing more finances for innovation and research throughout the world [18]. This move will help 21st Century Fox reach a broader audience as well as give it more assets on the digital platform.

Empire

empire-2-poster

Promo for Empire [29]    Source: Fox

January 7th 2015, FOX Network, the leading cable network for 21st Century Fox, premiered a new show that would significantly impact 21st Century Fox as well as the world around it. Empire, a show that centers on African American artists and executives, are all seen fighting for control of a music empire [21]. Empire continually leads in ratings each week, bringing in massive revenue for 21st Century Fox [20]. Currently, Empire is the second priciest show for advertisers, coming in just behind Sunday Night football. A typical ad spot for Empire, costs just around $500,000 [32]. While Empire brings in a diverse audience, it is one of the highest rated shows among African American viewers [22]. Empire is doing more than just helping Fox on screen. Because the show centers on the music industry, the show is also constantly creating new songs and new stars [22].

Presidential Debate

Tweet by Justin Haskins after 3rd Republican Primary Debate  [30]                                                       Source: Justin Haskins, Twitter

Screenshot 2015-12-01 22.01.55

Tweet by Mark Simone after 3rd Republican Primary Debate [31]                                                     Source: Mark Simone, Twitter

After rival network CNBC inappropriately handled the moderation of the third Republican Presidential primary debate, the RNC suspended its future debate scheduled with CNBC [23]. At this time FOX Business stepped up and requested to host the next debate.

The RNC agreed and stated that “Fox Business won’t become a character in the campaign soap opera”, something that CNBC was accused of doing in the prior debate [23]. CEO James Murdoch later stated that he was going to show America the way a real debate should be handled, giving time to the real issues of the economy and the future and not an entertainment show [23]. This move for FOX will not only help with ratings, it will also bring in significant cash. Because of its estimated 14 million viewer audience, it is estimated that each 30 second spot, will bring into Fox roughly $250,000 [23].

The Future

Fox Assets

Assets of 21st Century Fox   [26]                     Source: 21st Century Fox

21st Century Fox will continue to innovate and continue to bring in revenue for its shareholders. With its diverse and ever expanding portfolio, 21st Century Fox will continue to be a a leader in the global entertainment industry. By continually investing and utilizing innovative methods to fight against cord cutting, 21st Century Fox will continue to grow and produce strong earnings for its investors.

Breaking News!

The Primetime Emmy nominated show Bones is currently suing 20th Century Fox, a division of 21st Century Fox [24].  The lawsuit is being brought on by the actors and producers of the show.  In the suit the plaintiffs claim that Fox made “sweetheart deals” that cheated them out of tens and millions of dollars [25].  Deschanel and Boreanaz, two of the stars of Bones, claim that they are contractually entitled to 3% of the shows profits.  21st Century Fox has not commented on the suit [24].


[1] “21st Century Fox.” Logopedia. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/21st_Century_Fox.

[2] “21st Century Fox.” 21st Century Fox. Accessed December 01, 2015. https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/21st-century-fox#/entity.

[3] “21st Century Fox Success Story.” 21st Century Fox Profile, History, Founder, Founded, Ceo. Accessed December 01, 2015. http://successstory.com/companies/21st-century-fox.

[4] Lieberman, David. “It’s Official: James Murdoch To Become Fox CEO Sharing Power With Lachlan.” Deadline. June 16, 2015. Accessed December 01, 2015. http://deadline.com/2015/06/fox-james-murdoch-become-ceo-1201445613/.

[5] News, Bloomberg. “News Corp. Will Move Headquarters to 2 World Trade Center.” Latest from Crains New York Business. June 02, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150602/REAL_ESTATE/150609962/news-corp-will-move-headquarters-to-2-world-trade-center.

[6] Rinaldi, Eva. “Rupert Murdoch.” Digital image. December 21, 2012. Accessed December 2, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch#/media/File:Rupert_Murdoch_-_Flickr_-_Eva_Rinaldi_Celebrity_and_Live_Music_Photographer.jpg.

[7] “Lachlan Murdoch Exits Ten.” TelevisionAU. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://televisionau.com/2014/03/lachlan-murdoch-exits-ten.html.

[8] “James Murdoch Faces Shareholder Resistance Over Board Re-Election.” Deadline. November 20, 2014. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://deadline.com/2014/11/james-murdoch-faces-shareholder-resistance-over-board-re-election-1201290216/.

[9] “Investor Relations  .” Investor Relations. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://www.21cf.com/Investor_Relations/.

[10] “FOX 2015-16 Season Ratings (updated 12/1/15) – Canceled TV Shows – TV Series Finale.” Canceled TV Shows TV Series Finale. December 01, 2015. Accessed December 01, 2015. http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/fox-2015-16-season-ratings-38075/.

[11] “Index of /wp-content/uploads/2014/08.” Index of /wp-content/uploads/2014/08. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://marketbusinessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/.

[12] “21st Century Fox Annual Report.” Accessed December 2, 2015. http://tcfeuspstrgektron.blob.core.windows.net/uploadedfiles/pages/investor_relations/21cf%202015ar%20web.pdf.

[13] Accessed December 2, 2015. http://a.fssta.com/content/dam/fsdigital/media/images/migration/press-releases/2014/05/06/121913-FSO-FOXSportsLogo-PI.vresize.1200.675.high.35.jpg.

[14] “FOXA’s Competition by Segment and Its Market Share.” Csimarket. Accessed December 1, 2015. http://csimarket.com/stocks/competitionSEG2.php?code=FOXA.

[15] “21st Century Fox Annual Report.” Accessed December 1, 2015. http://tcfeuspstrgektron.blob.core.windows.net/uploadedfiles/pages/investor_relations/21cf%202015ar%20web.pdf.

[16] “Twenty-First Century Fox Inc.” : NASDAQ:FOXA Quotes & News. Accessed December 02, 2015. https://www.google.com/finance?cid=25639.

[17] Laylin, Tafline. “National Geographic Contributors Embrace Fox Deal with Ample Cautio.” The Guardian. September 16, 2015. Accessed December 2, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/sep/16/national-geographic-21st-century-fox-merger-rupert-murdoch.

[18] “National Geographic Society and 21st Century Fox Agree to Expand Partnership.” National Geographic Society Press Room. September 09, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://press.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/09/national-geographic-society-21st-century-fox-agree-to-expand-partnership/.

[19] Farhi, Paul. “National Geographic Gives Fox Control of Media Assets in $725 Million Deal.” Washington Post. September 9, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/national-geographic-magazine-shifts-to-for-profit-status-with-fox-partnership/2015/09/09/7c9f034e-56f0-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html.

[20] Porter, Rick. “Rock Steady: The Most Consistently Rated Shows of Fall 2015.” TV By The Numbers by Zap2itcom. November 26, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/26/rock-steady-the-most-consistently-rated-shows-of-fall-2015/.

[21] “Empire.” IMDb. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3228904/.

[22]  “A SPRAWLING EMPIRE: HOW FOX’S HIT TV SHOW AFFECTS MUSIC.” Nielsen. September 23, 2015. Accessed December 2, 2015. http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/a-sprawling-empire-how-foxs-hit-tv-show-affects-music.html.

[23] Gold, Hadas. “For Debate, Fox Business Aims to Be the Anti-CNBC.” POLITICO. November 9, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/fox-business-republican-debate-cavuto-bartiromo-215634.

[24] Patten, Dominic. “Fox “Cheated” ‘Bones’ Stars Out Of More Than $100M, New Profit-Participation Suit Claims.” Deadline. November 30, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://deadline.com/2015/11/bones-lawsuit-david-boreanaz-emily-deschanel-fox-barry-josephson-1201647064/.

[25] Balloni, Matthew. “‘Bones’ Producer Sues Fox for “Accounting Chicanery,” Claims Top Execs “Threatened” Him.” The Hollywood Reporter. November 25, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/bones-producer-sues-fox-accounting-843854.

[26] Mussman, Jason Taylor. 21st Century Fox Brands. Digital image. Accessed December 1, 2015.

[27] “Twenty-First Century Fox Inc.” : NASDAQ:FOXA Quotes & News. Accessed December 02, 2015. https://www.google.com/finance?cid=25639.

[28] “Thoughts on Afghan Girl’s Third Cover Appearance as National Geographic Looks Back, Forward – Reading The Pictures.” Reading The Pictures. October 02, 2013. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://www.readingthepictures.org/2013/10/thoughts-on-afghan-girls-third-cover-as-national-geographic-looks-back-forward/.

[29] “Empire Review – Where Does Your Loyalty Lay? – Screen Sirens TV.” Screen Sirens TV. October 02, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://screensirenstv.com/empire-review-where-does-your-loyalty-lay/.

[30 ]Haskins, Justin. “CNBC Has Totally Discredited Itself Tonight with This Travesty of a Debate. The Questions Have Been Atrocious and Biased. #GOPDebate.” Twitter. October 28, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. https://twitter.com/TheNewRevere/status/659551198098386944?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.

[31] Simone, Mark. “The Big Winner of This Debate – FOX Business Network. CNBC Looking Too Biased, a Little Sleazy and Untrustworthy #GOPDebate #CNBCGOPDebate.” Twitter. October 28, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. https://twitter.com/MarkSimoneNY/status/659548475764420608?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.

[31] Poggi, Jeanine. “TV Ad Pricing Chart: ‘Sunday Night Football,’ ‘Empire’ Are Broadcast’s Most Expensive Ad Buys.” Advertising Age Media RSS. September 24, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2015. http://adage.com/article/media/ad-pricing-chart-sunday-night-football-empire-broadcasts-most-expensive-ad-buys/300516/.